Mobile operators deploy networks across three distinct spectrum tiers, each with unique propagation characteristics. Low-band frequencies below 1 GHz, including bands like n28 at 700 MHz and n71 at 600 MHz, deliver excellent coverage spanning many kilometers and penetrating buildings effectively. Mid-band frequencies between 1 and 6 GHz, especially n77 and n78 at 3.5 GHz, balance coverage with capacity and have become the workhorse of most 5G deployments worldwide. High-band millimeter wave frequencies above 24 GHz deliver extreme throughput measured in multiple gigabits per second but over very short distances.